ࡱ> $%  !"#&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCRoot Entry F1ʞYCompObjnWordDocumentazObjectPool`FɞY`FɞY  FMicrosoft Word 6.0 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.69qࡱ_Oh+'0`   8 \ C:\WINWORD\TEMPLATE\NORMAL.DOTv(N.B. the following bibliorgaphy was originally written for an Erasmus course august 1993 and has not been rܥe- e>az;rrrrrrr"s"s"s"s"s .s>s"s=y1ZsZsZsZsps~s~s~s tXwXwXwwwKxynyTy=yr~s35psps~s~s=y~srrZsZs~s~s~s~srZsr Zssrr,rJrrrr~s t~s~s(N.B. the following bibliorgaphy was originally written for an Erasmus course august 1993 and has not been reworked;PRIVATE  BtH December 20 1994) Barend J. ter Haar Sources and studies on protest and dissent in pre-modern China (very preliminary draft) This survey is not intended as a complete introduction to the primary sources and secondary literature on the study of protest and dissent. This would require a full-length book. I have also assumed that the standard bibliographical tools are known to everybody. My aim is only to provide some essential titles and to comment on some basic problems, as a first guide through this hazardous field. Secondary literature In the Chinese and Japanese literature different categories or labels are used to refer to the kind of phenomena that we like to call protest and dissent. The most important of these are nongmin qiyi and nongmin zhanzheng ; others are kangzu , kangshui and so forth. In modern Japanese research we also find sennen koku (millenarianism) and other translations of Western terms. The main rule in looking for relevant Chinese or Japanese literature is searching for such labels and - having found a certain body of literature - to ascertain to what extent this literature treats phenomena that match or resemble the kind of phenomena that you are interested in. Never limit yourself to Chinese research, even if you will find that Japanese and Chinese scholars have covered the same incidents. Often the Japanese scholars have found new and useful sources; furthermore, they are methodologically and ideologically much more sophisticated. In my - highly personal - view the most interesting, and certainly the most evolved and best documented, tradition of dissent is that of millenarian and messianic groups. It has been developed especially in Japan and the West, by leading American scholars such as D. Overmyer and S. Naquin, together with Japanese scholars such as Suzuki Chsei, Noguchi Testur, Asai Moto, Kobayashi Kazumi, and many others. All of these groups are still alive in Taiwan and in Overseas Chinese communities, as well as underground in mainland China itself. Some pathbreaking Chinese studies: *Li Wenzhi , Wanming minbian (Shanghai, 1948). *Fu Yiling , "Mingmo qingchu min'gan piling diqu de shehui jingji yu diannong kangzu fengchao " (original study 1947), in: Mingqing shehui jingjishi lunwenji (Beijing, 1982) pp. 338-380 *Fu Yiling, "Mingji nubian shiliao shibu ", (original study 1949, postscript 1979), in: Mingqing shehui jingjishi lunwenji (Beijing, 1982) pp. 381-387. *Fu Yiling, "Mingmo nanfang de 'dianbian', 'nubian' " (original study 1975), in: Mingqing shehui jingjishi lunwenji (Beijing, 1982) pp. 388-395. *Fu Yiling, "Mingdai houqi jiangnan chengzhen xiaceng shimin de fanfengjian yundong ", in: Mingdai jiangnan shimin jingji shitan (Shanghai, 1957) pp. 101-126. *Fu Yiling, "Mingqing zhi ji de 'nubian' he diannong jiefang yundong " in: Mingqing nongcun shehui jingji (Beijing, 1961) pp. 68-153. The studies of Fu Yiling are extremely useful, because of his rare command of a wide variety of Ming and Qing sources, but also because he includes full-length quotations in his essays. Some useful Japanese studies: *Tanaka Masatoshi, "Popular rebellions, rent resistance, and bondservant rebellions in the late Ming", in: Linda Grove and Christian Daniels eds., State and Society in China (University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1984) pp. 165-214. *Kobayashi Kazumi, "The other side of rent and tax resistance struggles: ideology and the road to rebellion", in: Linda Grove and Christian Daniels eds., State and Society in China (University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1984) pp. 215-243. *Suzuki Chsei , "Shinch chki ni okeru minkan shky kessha to sono sennen koku und e no keik ", in: Suzuki Chsei ed., Sennen kokuteki minsh und no kenky (Tky, 1982). *Asai Motoi , Minshi jidai minkan shky kessha no kenky (Tky, 1990). *Noguchi Tetsur , Mindai byakurenkyshi no kenky (Tky, 1986). The studies by Asai and Noguchi contain good bibliographies for further reference. Important Western studies: *Tsing Yuan, "Urban Riots and Disturbances", in: Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills Jr. eds., From Ming to Ch'ing (New Haven, 1979) pp. 280-320. *James W. Tong, Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty (Stanford, 1991) *C.K. Yang, "Some Preliminary Statistical Patterns of Mass Action in Nineteenth Century China", F. Wakeman Jr. and Carolyn Grant eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China (Berkeley, 1975) pp. 174-210. *R. Bin Wong, "Food Riots in the Qing Dynasty", Journal of Asian Studies XLI: 4 (1982) pp. 767-788. Both Tong and Wong did their research as pupils of Charles Tilly (then at the University of Michigan). In his article, Yang announces a sequel to his work, but no my knowledge this never came out. Useful Western surveys of the secondary literature are: *F. Wakeman, "Rebellion and Revolution: The Study of Popular Movements in Chinese History", Journal of Asian Studies XXXVI: 2 (1977) pp. 201-237. *Liu Kwang-ching, "World View and Peasant Rebellion: Reflections on Post-Mao Historiography", Journal of Asian Studies XL: 2 (1981) pp. 295-326. *H. Zurndorfer, "Violence and Political Protest in Ming and Qing China", International Review of Social History XXVIII (1983) pp. 304-319. On religious protest and dissent one should consult the following two manuals: *Laurence G. Thompson comp., Chinese Religion in Western Languages; A Comprehensive and Classified Bibliography of Publications in English, French, and German through 1980 (The Association for Chinese Studies, Tucson, 1985) *Laurence G. Thompson comp., Gary Seaman ed., Chinese Religions: 1981-1990: Publications in Western Languages (The Association for Chinese Studies, Tucson, 1993) For a criticism of some basic problems in the secondary literature, see also: *B.J. ter Haar, The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History (Leiden, 1992) b. Primary sources In general it is always advisable to recheck the primary sources that are given in any study, including those in Chinese and Japanese. You will often find quotations that are incorrect or incomplete, or simply from context. This is a general problem in historical research, but is particularly severe in an ideologically determined field such as that of popular protest and dissent. You will be surprised how much difference it makes to see the quotation in its original (often far more detailed) context. By checking quotations one comes to grip with the framework of interpretation of the secondary literature and usually quickly develops a framework of one's own. Checking the original sources is also a very good method of acquainting oneself with the field. One does not only often find additional material that has not been quoted because it did not fit the specific historical view or research question(s) of the author, but also develops a keener sense of what type of sources contain what kind of information. The kind of sources that are available depend first of all on the kind of protest or dissent that one wishes to investigate. For elite protest and dissent these are mainly collected works (wenji), intellectual survey histories and the like. Getting into the primary sources is easy because much secondary research has already been done, such as on the Wang Anshi debates or the Donglin movement. The same is true for elite literary expressions of protest and dissent, for instance in poetry. For this reason, I will no deal with these forms of protest and dissent here. Sources on non-elite protest and dissent are much harder to find. Until now, the focus has always been on violent action. Material on pasting posters, rumours and other forms of peaceful protest and dissent have been shamefully neglected. One convenient early source on political and other types of rumours and ballads is the late Qing compilation of "rumours and ballads": *Du Wenlan , Gu yaoyan (Beijing, 1958 reprint). No doubt, relevant notes on posters, rumours etc. are still hidden away in local gazetteers, collected works, anecdotal sources and memorials. Because this material is scattered over so many different sources, nobody has as yet attempted to track it down. For the time being we must be careful in assuming from the lack of secondary studies on this type of protest and dissent that it did not exist. Surely, the material in the Gu yaoyan indicates the contrary. For the nineteenth century we have a wealth of primary material. First of all, since the 1950s PRC historians have compiled source publications on rumours, popular songs and so on surrounding late nineteenth and twentieth century rebellions, culling from written sources and oral history fieldwork. These also tell us much about protest and dissent among non-elite groups. There is one important caveat, however, that during the 1950s and early 1960s there has been an unknown amount of falsification of material. Examples of studies using such compilations in a sophisticated way are: *Phil Billingsley, Bandits in Republican China (Stanford, 1988). *Joseph W. Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising (Berkeley, 1987). Secondly, there are many well-documented nineteenth century instances of anti-Christian riots and non-violent protest. These have been well-studied and much source material is available, both in Western and Chinese sources. Until now, the focus has always been on the local social context of anti-Christian conflicts, but such material could also be used with much fruit to investigate the precise mechanisms of popular protest and dissent. The standard study on the anti-Christian riots is: *Paul Cohen, China and Christianity (Cambridge, Mass., 1963). An interesting collection of materials (including posters) from the archives of the British Foreign Affairs Office is: *Sasaki Masaya , Shinmatsu no haigai und , shiry hen (Tky, 1968). In general, Western travelogues, missionary archives, newspapers and Chinese diaries are much underestimated sources on nineteenth century social history that could be put to much better use. An example of such a study is: *William T. Rowe, Hankow: Conflict and Community in a Chinese City (Stanford, 1989) (both Hankow vols. are good examples of the wide and inventive use of available sources, but only this volume treats local protest movements) Finding material on non-elite violent protest is not at all easy. For the last four or five decades Chinese and Japanese historians have spent much time and effort on gathering material. If we consider the total volume of Chinese historical sources or the amount of violent incidents that actually took place, the quantity and the quality of the material that they have found is rather disappointing. This seems to reflect a real dearth of relevant material. A number of source-publications are available, which give a dangerous sense of completeness (especially concerning the Ming and Qing), but are very practical as a first introduction. If one can read Japanese, undoubtedly the best starting point is: *Tanigawa Michio and Mori Masao eds., Chgoku minsh hanranshi (Ty bunko series, Tky, 1978-1983) 4 vols. This series provides an excellent survey of violent popular protest, with per incident or group of incidents a historical introduction, a general discussion of the sources and an annotated translation of all the primary sources, as well as a good bibliography of the relevant secondary studies. No Chinese source publication ever provides this kind of scholarly service. The principal Chinese source publications on peasant rebellions are: *An Zuozhang , Qin Han nongmin zhanzheng shiliao huibian (Beijing, 1982) 1 vol. *Zhang Zexian , Wei Jin Nanbeichao nongmin zhanzheng shiliao huibian (Beijing, 1980) 2 vols. *Wang Yongxing , Suimo nongmin zhanzheng shiliao huibian (Beijing, 1980) 1 vol. *Zhang Zexian , Tang Wudai nongmin zhanzheng shiliao huibian (Beijing, 1982) 2 vols. *He Zhuqi , Liang Song nongmin zhanzheng shiliao huibian (Beijing, 1976) 4 vols. *Yang Ne and Chen Gaohua , Yuandai nongmin zhanzheng shiliao huibian (Beijing, 1985) 4 vols. On late Ming bondservant rebellions, tax resistance and other urban riots, etc. see the articles by Fu Yiling. On the Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzong uprisings, a standard starting point is: *Zheng Tianting and Sun Yue , Mingmo nongmin qiyi shiliao (Shanghai, 1952). Some source publications on the 18th century: *Kangyongqian chengxiang renmin fankang douzheng ziliao (Beijing, 1979) two vols. *Qingdai dang'an shiliao congbian series (Beijing, 1978- present) *Qingdai nongmin zhanzheng ziliao xuanbian (Beijing, dates? not yet complete) *Qingzhongqi wusheng bailianjiao qiyi ziliao (JIangsu, 1981) five vols. *Jiang Weiming, Chuanhushan bailiao qiyi ziliao jilu (Chengdu, 1980). In addition archival material from the Ming-Qing archives has been published and is still being published in general series, which are available in the big European libraries. Some source publications on the 19th century: *Li Wenzhi comp., Zhongguo jindai nongye shi ziliao (Beijing, 1957) three vols. *Peng Ziyi comp., Zhongguo jindai shougongye shi ziliao (Beijing, 1958) four vols. Both works contain relevant information, but much more material it still waiting to be found in Chinese and foreign archives etc. *Tiandi hui I-VII (Beijing, 1980-1988) (exclusively on the Triads in the late 18th and early 19th century). This list could stil be extended much further, with the well-known source publications on the Nian, Taipings, Boxers, anti-Christian movements. An interesting bibliography is: *Teng Ssu-y, Protest and Crime in China: A Bibliography of Secret Associations, Popular Uprisings, Peasant Rebellions New York, 1981). Treats primary sources and secondary literature in Western, Chinese, Japanese and Russian. Topical index. 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